Anterior Approach Hip Replacement

Total Hip Replacement

If hip replacement has become necessary for your arthritic hip: this is one of the most effective operations known and should give you many years of freedom from pain.

Once you have arthritis which has not responded to conservative treatment, you may well be a candidate for total hip replacement surgery.

Arthritis

Arthritis is a general term covering numerous conditions where the joint surface (cartilage) wears out. The joint surface is covered by a smooth articular surface that allows pain free movement in the joint. This surface can wear out for a number of reasons, often the definite cause is not known. When the articular cartilage wears out, the bone ends rub on one another and cause pain. There are numerous conditions that can cause arthritis and often the exact cause is never known. In general, but not always, it affects people as they get older (Osteoarthritis).

Other causes include

Childhood disorders e.g., dislocated hip, Perthe’s disease, slipped epiphysis etc.
Growth abnormalities of the hip (such as a shallow socket) may lead to premature arthritis
Trauma (fracture)
Increased stress e.g., overuse, overweight, etc.
Avascular necrosis (loss of blood supply)
Infection
Connective tissue disorders
Inactive lifestyle- e.g., Obesity, as additional weight puts extra force through your joints which can lead to arthritis over a period of time
Inflammation e.g., Rheumatoid arthritis

In an Arthritic Hip

The cartilage lining is thinner than normal or completely absent
The degree of cartilage damage and inflammation varies with the type and stage of arthritis
The capsule of the arthritic hip is swollen
The joint space is narrowed and irregular in outline; this can be seen in an X-ray image
Bone spurs or excessive bone can also build up around the edges of the joint
The combinations of these factors make the arthritic hip stiff and limit activities due to pain or fatigue

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of osteoarthritis is made on history, physical examination & X-rays. There is no blood test to diagnose Osteoarthritis (wear & tear arthritis)

Indications

THR is indicated for arthritis of the hip that has failed to respond to conservative (non-operative) treatment.

You should consider a THR when you have:

Arthritis confirmed on X-ray
Stiffness in the hip making mobility difficult
Pain not responding to analgesics or anti-inflammatories
Limitations of activities of daily living including your leisure activities, sport or work
Pain keeping you awake at night

Benefits

Prior to surgery you will usually have tried some simple treatments such as simple analgesics, weight loss, anti-inflammatory medications, modification of your activities, walking sticks, physiotherapy.

The decision to proceed with THR surgery is a cooperative one between you, your surgeon, family and your local doctor. Benefits of surgery include:

Enables you to sleep without pain
Reduced hip pain
Increased mobility and movement
Correction of deformity
Equalization of leg length (not guaranteed)
Increased leg strength
Improved quality of life, ability to return to normal activities

Pre-operation

Stop smoking as long as possible prior to surgery
Your surgeon will send you for routine blood tests and any other investigations required prior to your surgery
You will asked to undertake a general medical check-up with a physician
You should have any other medical, surgical or dental problems attended to prior to your surgery
Make arrangements around the house prior to surgery
Cease aspirin or anti-inflammatory medications 10 days prior to surgery as they can cause bleeding
Cease any naturopathic or herbal medications 10 days before surgery

Day of your surgery

Approximately 30 mins prior to surgery, you will be transferred to the operating theatre
You will be admitted to hospital usually on the day of your surgery
Further tests may be required on admission
You will meet the nurses and answer some questions for the hospital records
You will meet your anesthesiologist, who will ask you a few questions
You will be given hospital clothes to change into and have a shower prior to surgery
The operation site will be shaved and cleaned

Post-operative

You will wake up in the recovery room with a number of monitors to record your vitals. (Blood pressure, Pulse, Oxygen saturation, temperature, etc.) Post-operative X-rays will be performed in recovery.

Once you are stable and awake you will be taken back to the ward.You will have one drip in your arm for fluids.

The day of surgery we aim to get patients up and walking with the physical therapy. Pain is normal but if you are in a lot of pain, inform your nurse.

You will be able to put all your weight on your hip and your Physiotherapist will help you with the post-op hip exercises.

The majority of patients spend 1-3 nights in the hospital and the duration depends on how well you do in the hospital.

Sutures are usually dissolvable but if not are removed at about 10 days.

A post-operative visit will be arranged prior to your discharge.

The rehabilitation following surgery usually entails working with a physical therapist while in the hospital. For the first 2 weeks following discharge we encourage you to walk and mobilize at home without home health services; however, in select cases we will encourage either home health services or a short stay at a rehabilitation center. Patients start seeing a physical therapist in an outpatient setting at about 2 weeks following your hip replacement.

Surgical Procedure

An incision is made over the hip to expose the hip joint.

The acetabulum (socket) is prepared using a special instrument called a reamer. The acetabular component is then inserted into the socket. This is sometimes reinforced with screws or occasionally cemented. A liner which can be made of plastic, metal or ceramic material is then placed inside the acetabular component.

The femur (thigh bone) is then prepared. The femoral head which is arthritic is cut off and the bone prepared using special instruments, to exactly fit the new metal femoral component. The femoral component is then inserted into the femur. This may be press fit relying on bone to grow into it or cemented depending on a number of factors such as bone quality and surgeon’s preference.

The real femoral head component is then placed on the femoral stem. This can be made of metal or ceramic.

The hip is then reduced again, for the last time.

The muscles and soft tissues are then closed carefully.

Your hip replacement may go off in a metal detector at the airport
You can apply Vitamin E or moisturizing cream into the wound once the wound has healed
You can shower once the wound has healed
If you have increasing redness or swelling in the wound or temperatures over 100.5° you should call your doctor
If you are having any procedures such as dental work or any other surgery you should take antibiotics before and after to prevent infection in your new prosthesis. Consult your surgeon for details

Risks and complications

As with any major surgery, there are potential risks involved. The decision to proceed with the surgery is made because the advantages of surgery outweigh the potential disadvantages.

It is important that you are informed of these risks before the surgery takes place.

Complications can be medical (general) or specific to the hip

Medical Complications include those of the anesthetic and your general well being. Almost any medical condition can occur so this list is not complete.

Complications include

Serious medical problems can lead to ongoing health concerns, prolonged hospitalization or rarely death
Complications from nerve blocks such as infection or nerve damage
Heart attacks, strokes, kidney failure, pneumonia, bladder infections
Blood loss requiring transfusion with its low risk of disease transmission
Allergic reactions to medications

Specific complications include

Infection
Infection can occur with any operation. In the hip this can be superficial or deep. Infection rates are approximately 1%, if it occurs it can be treated with antibiotics but may require further surgery. Very rarely your hip may need to be removed to eradicate infection.
Dislocation
This means the hip comes out of its socket. Precautions need to be taken with your new hip forever. It a dislocation occurs it needs to be put back into place with an anesthetic. Rarely this becomes a recurrent problem needing further surgery.
Blood clots (Deep Venous Thrombosis)
These can form in the calf muscles and can travel to the lung (Pulmonary embolism). These can occasionally be serious and even life threatening. If you get calf pain or shortness of breath at any stage, you should notify your surgeon.
Damage to nerves or blood vessels
Also rare but can lead to weakness and loss of sensation in part of the leg. Damage to blood vessels may require further surgery if bleeding is ongoing.
Wound irritation
Your scar can be sensitive or have a surrounding area of numbness. This normally decreases over time and does not lead to any problems with your new joint.
Leg length inequality
It is very difficult to make the leg exactly the same length as the other one. Occasionally the leg is deliberately lengthened to make the hip stable during surgery. There are some occasions when it is simply not possible to match the leg lengths. All leg length inequalities can be treated by a simple shoe raise on the shorter side.
Wear
All joints eventually wear out. The more active you are, the quicker this will occur. In general 80-90% of hip replacements survive 15-20 years.
Failure to relieve pain
Very rare but may occur especially if some pain is coming from other areas such as the spine.
Unsightly or thickened scar
Limp due to muscle weakness
Fractures (break) of the femur (thigh bone) or pelvis (hipbone)
This is also rare but can occur during or after surgery. This may prolong your recovery, or require further surgery. Discuss your concerns thoroughly with your orthopedic surgeon prior to surgery.
Summary
Surgery is not a pleasant prospect for anyone, but for some people with arthritis, it could mean the difference between leading a normal life or putting up with a debilitating condition. Surgery can be regarded as part of your treatment plan- it may help to restore function to your damaged joints as well as relieve pain.

Anterior Hip Replacement

Direct Anterior Hip Replacement is a technique in which hip replacement surgery is performed through an alternative approach compared to conventional hip replacement surgery. Historically, hip replacement surgery was performed utilizing traditional posterior or lateral approaches. This necessitates that certain muscles or tendons are cut in order to access the hip joint and perform the surgery.

The direct anterior approach utilizes a muscle interval in front of the hip joint in which muscles and tendons are not cut for exposure of the joint. Because exposure can be more challenging, special instruments and a custom operating table are used to assist in performing the surgery.

Patients who have undergone Direct Anterior Hip Replacement surgery report that the post-operative pain and discomfort is markedly less than traditional approaches. In addition, their recovery is expedited. Most patients are discharged from the hospital by post op day #2 and are off of all walking aids (cane/crutches) by the 2nd week from surgery.

The Direct Anterior Approach is not applicable to all patients. Most patients who are undergoing Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty will be better served by more traditional approaches. Those patients who have hip deformities from childhood also, on occasion, are not candidates for the direct anterior approach.